Altenbaugh, R. J. (2018). Introduction: To Vaccinate or Not to Vaccinate. Vaccination in America, 1–8. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96349-5_1

The paper starts by addressing the debate that occurred during the presidential elections of 2016, which way bogged with controversy on the mandatory childhood vaccination. The paper acknowledges that the development of vaccines has shaped the field of human health and medicine. The paper goes on to details the opposition that vaccination has faced from all spheres of life, even from parents. The paper goes on explaining the biological working of vaccines on how they deal with a bacterium or a virus before they become lethal in the human body. The vaccines that are administered to individuals do not just protect the individual but the entire society. The paper goes ahead and scientifically analyses the efficacy of vaccines. The author of the paper is very knowledgeable both on the working of the vaccine, the human anatomy and the working of the human body in the fight against pathogens, the article is unbiased and given a professional analysis on the efficacy of vaccines and the impacts that they have both to the individual and the society.

Greenwood, B. (2014). The contribution of vaccination to global health: past, present, and future. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 369(1645), 20130433. http://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0433

The article appeared in the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) journal in the United States state national library of medicine. The article analyses the contributions that the vaccines have made in global health in the past, present, and future. According to the article, vaccines have been the greatest contributors to global health so far. It starts by addressing the first vaccine that was developed for smallpox, which led to the eradication of smallpox in 1979. There is also the analysis if the infectious but the potentially preventable conditions that have been contributing to child mortality. The article is very factual and objective in the delivery of information and gives a very solid case on the adoption, uses, and the importance of vaccines.

Andre, F., Booy, R., Bock, H., Clemens, J., Datta, S., John, T., Schmitt, H. (2008). Vaccination greatly reduces disease, disability, death, and inequity worldwide. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 86(2), 140–146. http://doi.org/10.2471/blt.07.040089

Andre et al. (2008) give a history, the present situation, and the successes that have been achieved through the administration of vaccines to the world population. The article rightly argues that the majority of the vaccines for developed have targeted children in a bid to reduce child mortality, especially in the African country. There is a need for the development of vaccines targeting adults, especially with the proliferation of non-communicable diseases such as cancer. The article gives the challenges that have been encountered in the administration of vaccines and how they have been overcome. It also looks at the advantages of vaccines to individuals, society, and the world. The materials available in the journal article are relevant as they provide insight into the past and the future of the vaccine. The article is peer-reviewed and posted in the world health organization (WHO) and thus can be considered as credible.

Plotkin, S. A. (2003, May 1). Vaccines, Vaccination, and Vaccinology. Retrieved August 1, 2020, from https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/187/9/1349/796764

The article starts by giving the scientific definition of the term’s vaccines, vaccination, and vaccinology, which are three related terms. The paper goes beyond the period of Edward Jenner to the time of Louis Pasteur as the person who opened the door to the development of vaccines in the laboratory. The paper details how the field of vaccines has undergone development to the present stage and the future of the field. The existence of vaccines clean water and antibiotics have all played a part in having a healthy population in the world today. Today, technology is being applied to the development of vaccines in what is known as genetic engineering. The development is in a bid to develop a vaccine to counter the many diseases that exist within the human population. The paper also analyzes the efficacy of vaccines developed through genetic engineering, and the challenges scientists are likely to encounter in their development. The paper is very relevant to the research as it adds the dimension of genetic engineering in the development of vaccines as well as the social issues that may affect the development of new vaccines.

Maty, M. (2020). Why Vaccinate? Retrieved August 1, 2020, from https://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/articles/why-vaccinate

The paper opens by posing a question on the need for vaccinations. The immediate benefit of vaccines is the immunity of the individual, while the long-term benefit is the protection of the individual against diseases. Vaccines have been used for a very long time, especially on children in the fight against diseases like measles, smallpox, and other illnesses. Adults as well are vaccinated against diseases, especially when they are moving from one region to another. The secondary benefit of a vaccination is to allow the development of herd/community immunity, which is the protection offered to people in a community by high vaccination rates. The paper is very articulate on the types of immunity that are offered by a vaccine and the advantages of vaccination. The paper is credible as it is very objective in the delivery of information.

References

Altenbaugh, R. J. (2018). Introduction: To Vaccinate, or Not to Vaccinate. Vaccination in America, 1–8. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96349-5_1

Andre, F., Booy, R., Bock, H., Clemens, J., Datta, S., John, T., … Schmitt, H. (2008). Vaccination greatly reduces disease, disability, death and inequity worldwide. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 86(2), 140–146. http://doi.org/10.2471/blt.07.040089

Greenwood, B. (2014). The contribution of vaccination to global health: past, present and future. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 369(1645), 20130433. http://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0433

Maty, M. (2020). Why Vaccinate? Retrieved August 1, 2020, from https://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/articles/why-vaccinate

Plotkin, S. A. (2003, May 1). Vaccines, Vaccination, and Vaccinology. Retrieved August 1, 2020, from https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/187/9/1349/796764